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As the guns fell silent across the battle torn fields of Europe in November,
1918, a great yearning swept throughout the United States to commemorate the
restoration of peace.
At the
American Numismatic Association Chicago convention
in 1920, collector Farran Zerbe proposed that a new coin,
preferably a half dollar or a silver dollar, be minted to exemplify America’s
commitment to peace and liberty.
US Coin Values Advisor has cataloged
Peace Dollar values over a period of many years for coins of
this series.
Zerbe’s peace coin proposal was taken to Washington, DC, where it found powerful
friends. At the same time, the Treasury Department was operating under the
provisions of the Pittman Act, a 1918 law authorizing the conversion of up to
350 million silver dollars into bullion form for the purpose of selling it or
re-coining into smaller denominations.
Furthermore, for every silver dollar reduced to bullion form, the Pittman Act
required the government to purchase newly mined silver to mint into a
replacement silver dollar.
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Peace Dollar
Specifications |
Diameter: |
Weight: |
Minted: |
Composition: |
Designer |
Edge: |
38.1 mm |
26.73 g |
1921-1935 |
.100 Cu .900
Ag |
Anthony de Francisci |
Reeded |
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Coin Photos courtesy of
Ira & Larry Goldberg Coins & Collectibles, Inc., Beverly Hills, CA. |
Eventually, 270,232,722 silver dollars ended
up in the melting pot, representing nearly half of all standard silver dollars ever produced
up to that point in time!
The chief beneficiaries of the Pittman Act were Great
Britain, which purchased about 96% of the silver to help stabilize a financial
crisis in India (then a British colony), and of course, the silver mining interests.
To begin meeting the obligation of producing 270+ million new silver dollars,
the Morgan silver dollar design was resurrected in May, 1921, following a 17
year hiatus. Within a few months, more than 86 million 1921 Morgan silver
dollars were coined. During this time, backers of Zerbe’s peace coin concept
were successfully lobbying to create a new silver dollar design.
On November 23, 1921, the Federal Commission of Fine Arts publicly invited eight
of America’s finest sculptors to submit a “Peace Dollar” design to memorialize
the Great War armistice. The winner of the competition was Anthony de Francisci,
a naturalized citizen from Italy, whose wife, Teresa, posed as his model for Miss
Liberty.
De
Francisci’s Peace Dollar obverse portrayed a svelte Miss Liberty, wearing a
radiant crown. His original reverse depicted an eagle smashing a sword, which
brought howls of protest from many Washingtonians, because in their eyes, the
image suggested defeat, not victory or peace. Mint Engraver George Morgan
quickly revised de Francisci’s reverse design by removing the sword, inserting
an
olive peace branch in the eagle’s talons, and superimposed the word “PEACE”
at the bottom. De Francisci's powerful eagle was perched on a rugged, steep slope, gazing toward
a sunrise, symbolizing the dawn of a new era.
Production tooling was quickly fabricated, and on December 26, 1921, the first
Peace silver dollars were minted. Over the next 6 days, a total of 1,006,473
Peace Dollars dated 1921 were made. All 1921 Peace Dollars were struck in high
relief, meaning details of the coin “stuck out” away from surface of the coin.
As attractive as this effect was, high relief coining proved problematic in the
manufacturing process, so all Peace Dollars dated 1922 and later featured less
appealing, low relief characteristics.
Sometime during 1928, the Mint reached the magical total of 270,232,722 silver
dollars produced since 1921 (Morgan and Peace Dollars combined). This total
equaled the same number of silver dollars melted down years earlier under the
Pittman Act, and these newer silver dollars fulfilled the replacement mandate of
the same law.
Since there was no public demand for silver dollars, production of
the Peace Dollar ceased.
The Peace Dollar returned briefly in 1934 and 1935, because Treasury needed some
additional silver
specie to back up silver certificates. Sadly, the end of the
Peace Dollar series in 1935 foreshadowed events to come. Within four years, the
world was once again engulfed in war.
When studying Peace Dollar values,
there are a couple of dates that stand out because of their attention from
collectors and resultant records of appreciation:
These are the key dates of the Peace Dollar
series. Whenever coin prices in general are on the rise, look for this
duo to do the best amongst this group. The 1921 Peace Dollar, even
though a key date, remains affordable for most pocketbooks. The 1928
is more pricey, but most collectors can buy one if they scrimp and save a
bit.
Some proof specimens, dated 1921 and 1922, are known to exist.
Peace Dollar proofs are extremely rare and valuable, numbering perhaps no more
than 30.
Peace Dollars are not far behind their Morgan Dollar
counterparts on the Buyer Remorse scale. The beauty and availability
of Peace Dollars gives hucksters ample bait to reel in uninformed
collectors. They chum the water with "bargains" that are actually
overgraded coins, by honest numismatic standards. Buyers don't
discover this until they're ready to sell. That "MS-65" coin for which
they paid an MS-64 price is really an MS-63. That bargain wasn't such
a great deal after all. Scenarios like occur all too often and
have dissuaded many budding collectors from becoming active hobbyists.
The best way to avoid getting turned off is to purchase only examples that have been
graded by PCGS, NGC, ICG, or ANACS, or at least are being sold by a
reputable dealer.
The left hand side of each "Sales Box" below contains Peace Dollar
values over a very long
period of time for key dates in F-12 condition. The
percent annual increase is computed for comparative purposes. The
right side of the box is a link to eBay US coin auctions, that pulls
coins of these dates in all conditions offered. The coin pictured
for sale in the right hand side is not necessarily the same condition coin
as that represented in the value trend analysis on left hand side.
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The model for the Peace Dollar was Teresa
Cafarelli De Francisci, the wife of the coin's designer, Anthony De
Francisci. As a small child emigrating to the US from Italy in 1902,
her ship passed by the Statue of Liberty in New York harbor. Lady
Liberty made an indelible impression on young Teresa. Growing up, she
often playfully posed as Liberty, holding her torch high. Modeling as
Miss Liberty for the Peace Dollar was a great honor and the fulfillment of a
childhood dream, she wrote. Later in life, she was a humble guest at
numismatic shows, Teresa Cafarelli De Francisci died in 1990 at the age of
92. |
